岩土与地下工程 2026年 第卷 第13期

软弱围岩变形开裂机理与整治措施分析

范胜元

作者简介：

范胜元，博士后，工程师，Email：fanshengyuan@xauat.edu.cn

作者单位：

(中铁二十局集团有限公司博士后工作站，陕西西安 710016)

基金项目：

*中国博士后科学基金(2024M763843)；陕西省博士后科学基金(2025S349406)；陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室开放课题(2025002)

摘要：

针对软岩隧道围岩变形与初支开裂问题，针对软岩地层中隧道初支喷混开裂、剥落的工程灾害，采用机理分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法开展了相关研究。基于灾变机理分析和数值模拟验证提出了优化开挖步距参数，并辅以围岩注浆和加强支护结构刚度的综合措施来防治软岩变形和初支开裂。结果表明：通过优化支护参数，提升系统整体刚度，能够有效改善支护结构应力分布，抑制裂缝的扩展；采取围岩注浆和强化初支纵向刚度的同时缩短开挖进尺（取10m），既保证了隧道施工进度又有效控制了围岩变形开裂。围岩最大水平收敛和拱顶沉降实测值分别为8458mm和14485mm，围岩与拱架最大内力分别为43216kPa和3295kN，确保了隧道结构安全顺利施工。
隧道；软弱围岩；支护；开裂；变形；数值模拟

English：

To address the issues of deformation in soft rock tunnel surrounding rock and cracking in initial support, research was conducted by combining mechanism analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurements, based on engineering failures such as cracking and spalling of sprayed concrete in initial support within soft rock formations. Based on the analysis of failure mechanisms and validation through numerical simulation, optimized excavation advance parameters were proposed, supplemented by comprehensive measures such as grouting of the surrounding rock and enhancing the stiffness of the support structure to prevent deformation in soft rock and cracking of the initial support. The results indicate that optimizing support parameters to enhance the overall stiffness of the system can effectively improve the stress distribution within the support structure and suppress crack propagation. Implementing ground grouting and strengthening the longitudinal stiffness of the initial support while shortening the excavation advance (set to 10m) ensures both the progress of tunnel construction and effective control of ground deformation and cracking.