English：

To investigate the influence of various construction factors on ground and surface deformation during pipe jacking, this study, based on a water pipeline pipe jacking project, proposes an improved gap parameter g by incorporating construction factors such as face jacking force and grouting pressure, using the Mindlin solution from elasticity theory. An analytical formula for surface deformation considering the effect of construction factors on nonuniform tunnel convergence is established by combining the modified ground loss parameter with the Loganathan soil deformation formula, and the method is validated. The results show that The theoretically calculated surface settlement curve exhibits a “V” shape, with settlement values gradually decreasing from the axis of the pipe jacking toward both sides, which is generally consistent with onsite monitoring data and numerical simulation results, and the shape of the settlement curve is similar to that of the classical solution. Comparative analysis shows that the maximum surface settlement calculated by the theoretical formula is closest to the onsite monitoring data, with a difference of only 57%, whereas the results of the classical solution differ significantly from the monitoring data, with a discrepancy of approximately 377%. The settlement trough width obtained by the analytical solution in this paper is similar to the classical solution, approximately 5D, slightly smaller than the measured value. The numerical simulation yields a settlement trough width of about 6D, consistent with the monitoring data, verifying the correctness of the numerical simulation. In conclusion, the theoretical solution derived in this paper comprehensively considers the influence of multiple construction factors and provides a more accurate calculation method for predicting soil deformation caused by pipe jacking construction.